From caen!malgudi.oar.net!chemabs!lvirden Sat Aug 21 15:00:58 EDT 1993
Article: 635 of comp.sys.apple2.programmer
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2.programmer,comp.sys.apple2,comp.lang.misc
Path: caen!malgudi.oar.net!chemabs!lvirden
From: lwv26@cas.org (Larry W. Virden)
Subject: The Apple II Programmer's Catalog of Languages and Toolkits
Message-ID: <1993Aug18.165159.1871@cas.org>
Followup-To: comp.sys.apple2.programmer
Summary: An attempt at a historical look at the Apple II programming
environment
Originator: lwv26@lwv26aws
Keywords: programming languages, Apple II, Apple II+, Apple IIe,
Apple IIc, Apple IIc+, Apple IIgs
mark_fisher@milacron.com (Mark Fisher - alternative address),
tf3@delphi.com (Austin Phelps - Delphi archiver),
schaf@meadow.muc.de (Soenke Behrens - GEnie archiver)
Sender: lvirden@cas.org
Reply-To: lvirden@cas.org (Larry W. Virden)
Organization: Chemical Abstracts Service
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 1993 16:51:59 GMT
Lines: 1732
Xref: caen comp.sys.apple2.programmer:635 comp.sys.apple2:60959 comp.lang.misc:13686
The Apple II Programmer's Catalog of Languages and Toolkits
Archive-Name: AppleIICatalog
Version: 2.6
Last Updated: August 18, 1993
------------------------------
Introduction
------------------------------
I would appreciate the following information from those of you
out there who know the answers. Please send electronic replies to
"Larry W. Virden" .
Product name:
Language:
Hardware requirements:
Operating system requirements:
If applicable
Company name:
Company address:
Company phone number:
Company email address:
Electronic file access info:
Otherwise:
Author name:
Author address:
Author phone number:
Author email address:
Electronic file archive host access (ftp, email, commercial, etc.) info:
Legend:
(+) = share/freeware [available via FTP])
------------------------------
Current 8 bit based programming languages
------------------------------
Assembly
1. HyperC(+),
ftp from calvin.sfasu.edu:/pub/apple2/hyperc*/*
or cco.caltech.edu:/pub/apple2/8bit/hyperc
HyperC has a rather complete assembler supporting
include files, macros, library creation and post
linking of files into the program. Output is of course
compatible with the HyperC C compiler.
2. Lisa(+), ftp from cco.caltech.edu:/pub/apple2/8bit/lisa/*
Author: Randall Hyde
Originally sold by: Laser Systems and then HAL Labs.
Last Contact info:
HAL Labs
18942 Dallas
Perris, CA 92370
3. Merlin 8/16 Plus, Merlin 16 Plus (version 4.08)
by Glen Bredon
Commercial, sold by Southwestern Data Systems (Roger Wagner).
Merlin 8 - DOS 3.3
Merlin 8 - ProDOS, //gs, 128k //e, Laser 128, or 128EX
Merlin 16 - ProDOS, 65802/65816 + above
Merlin 16 Plus- GS/OS, IIgs
Can assemble code for 6502, 65c02, 65802/65816.
Macros, conditional assembly, file inclusion,
line editor for Merlin 8, full screen editor for Merlin
16/16 Plus. Linkers allow large programs to be assembled.
Assembly is done in memory or to disk for large single module
programs. Libraries can be used. Relocation of code is easy.
Merlin 16(Plus) uses 65802/65816 code to run faster.
Merlin can generate code for 6502,65c02, 65802, and
65816 chips.
Company: Roger Wagner Publishing Inc
Address: 1050 Pioneer Way, Suite P
El Cajon, CA 92020 USA
Phone: +1 619 442 0522 Customer Service / Tech Support
Cost: US $99 from Resource Central some time back.
Utilities to convert to/from Merlin and Orca/M are
possibly available - check the Resource Central catalog.
Additional utilities - Sourceror (a co-resident disassembler),
Applesoft source listing generator (which uses the ROMs in
your computer), cross-reference listing generator.
4. ORCA/M
by Mike Westerfield or on GEnie as
BYTEWORKS.
This is a commercial package, sold by ByteWorks.
Surely someone can provide me with more specifics here!
5. Product name: ProDOS ASSEMBLY TOOLS
Language: Assembler
Hardware requirements: Apple II, 64K, 1 Disk drive (Minimun)
Apple //e, 80 column, printer, second disk drive
Operating system requirements: ProDOS
Company name: Apple Computer
ProDOS version of EDASM. Includes Editor, Assembler,
Bugbyter debugger and relocating loader. It was sold by
Apple as a Workbench series tool, laterly included in
the APDA catalog (#K2SPAT), it passed to the Resource
Central catalog (DA-005, $35.00, May 1992)
6. Product name: ProDev 6502 Debugger
Hardware: Apple //e or IIgs
ProDev
P.O. Box 162
Lasalle, Michigan 48145
1 (313) 848-4012
Price: $149.95
Sold by Resource Central (PD-001, $189.00 in a 1990ish catalog)
Resource Central
P.O. Box 11250
Overland Park, KS 66207
(913) 469-6502
7. Mini-assembler/disassembler
Originally available as a part of Apple's Integer BASIC ROM
package. No labels - but was usable.
On an ENHANCED ][e, IIgs and perhaps other models, enter the
Monitor, and type a '!' to enter it (no $F666G call needed!).
On any 64k ][ under DOS 3.3, or any Apple ][ (NOT ][+/e/c/gs)
with ProDOS or DOS 3.3, simply enter Integer
BASIC, then call the Monitor, then use the $F666G call.
------------------------------
BASIC
1. Applesoft (built-in to your computer!).
This version of BASIC was written by Microsoft. The
first version of this BASIC appeared in cassette form
in 1977. In 1978, numberous bugs were fixed and new
commands added to Applesoft BASIC, resulting in version
two of the software. It appeared in cassette, floppy,
firmware card, language card and mother board rom
formats.
Applesoft II was distributed on the motherboard of all
Apple IIs since the Apple II+ in 1979. Additional bug fixes
and enhancements were made for the Applesoft II that
appeared on the Apple IIe, IIe enhanced ROMs, IIc, and
IIgs.
This can be extended with several commercial and non-commercial
applications.
To speed Applesoft up,
Beagle Compiler, available through Quality Computers.
This compiles the Applesoft interpreted file into
a faster, though larger, file.
To add commands to Applesoft
Glen Bredon's ProCMD (required ProDOS 8).
Kitchen Sink Software, Inc.'s MicroDot
jbush@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu or
gforsyth@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
Apple IIe (unenhanced or higher), 64k.
Subsequent Apple II models.
ProDOS 8.
Canam Software's AmperPlus(+)
Available on Compuserve's Apple Programmer
library. Uploaded by 76475.204@compuserve.com
Source code is in Merlin assembler format.
I cannot tell whether program is truely
freely distributable or not.
Doublestuff! Plus. Contains a language-card
version of Applesoft, modified to
provide commands for using the
double-hi-res Apple ][e screen.
Modifications include drivers to get drawings to
look right, and upgrades in syntax to
allow commands like
"HCOLOR=15:HPLOT 0,0 TO 559,192".
Author: Unknown
Availability: Unknown
2. Micol BASIC
Micol Advanced BASIC Apple IIe/c version 4.5 $59.95
Micol Systems
9 Lynch Road
Willowdale, Ontario
Canada M2J2V6
(416) 495 6864
Still actively supporting the Apple II product. A new upgrade
is now available and at least one more upgrade is being
developed. Features a 200 page 8.5 x 11 inch manual.
------------------------------
C
1. HyperC(+)
ftp from calvin.sfasu.edu:/pub/apple2/hyperc*/*
or cco.caltech.edu:/pub/apple2/8bit/hyperc
K+R C - Any II with an 80-column card.
(out-of-the box only generates native code for
a 6502. 65c02 translation available, this and other
support is all user-contributed.)
Requires Prodos 8. any version.
Producer was WSM Group, Tucson, Arizona, which now
appears to be defunct. Copyright status == shareware,
but it's state is somewhat questionable as there is no
known address where one can send shareware fees.
Heavy Usenet support -- hyperc-l@calvin.sfasu.edu for
questions and discussion. To join, send email to
hyperc-request@calvin.sfasu.edu.
Articles also appear in comp.sys.apple2 (and
comp.sys.apple2.programmers now)occasionally. Source
code and binaries appear in
comp.{source,binaries}.apples occasionally as well.
The Hyper C manual itself is pretty good, and a fair amount of
user-contributed improvements are available.
Contains some bitset and other Pascal-ism extentions.
Work currently being done to support 65c02, 65802, and 65816
transparently.
A portion of the product is an interpreter which works in
native mode. All file and device I/O works in an emulation
mode for compatibility.
Some of the products being developed are an 8 bit QWK
reader, a standard library, and an alternate OPIX
operating environment. A high resolution graphics
library is currently available - a double high
resolution graphics library may be available in the
near future.
Source code for the shell, libraries, etc. are available.
An assembler (see above) is also included.
This product does not support floating point numbers in
the standard C tradition, but does have a pre-processor
and libc replacement to aid in performing floating point
operations.
An optimizer is supported by
Anthony J. Stuckey
Code to create ProDOS SYS files was written by
Gary Desrochers and Andy Werner.
2. Aztec C65
DOS 3.3 and Prodos 8 versions available. K&R compatible.
Product name: Aztec C65 Apple Commerical
Language: C
Hardware requirements:
Operating system requirements: ProDOS or DOS 3.3
Company name: Manx Software Systems
Company address: P.O. Box 980, Freehold, NJ 07728
Company phone number: (800) 221-0440 (orders only)
(201) 542-2121 (inquiries)
Package appears to still be available, but no further
modifications are planned by the company.
As of 1992/01/24, the pricing was $199.00 + $5.00 S&H
for the ProDOS version.
Anyone have any pricing updates?
3. Small C
Sold commercially by ByteWorks.
Comes as add-on package to ORCA/M and ORCA/M GS
assemblers.
------------------------------
Communications related packages
1. METAL+ (Mega Extensive Telecommunications Applications Language),
1989
Language: assembled via Merlin 16 Plus Assembler
Hardware requirements: Apple IIe, c, or gs w/128k
and at LEAST 800k disk storage.
Operating system requirements: ProDOS 8
Company name: Wilson Wares
Original Author name: TC Wilson
Now available from ftp site aho.cba.csuohio.edu.
Send email to thompson@umdsun2.umd.umich.edu and
read alt.bbs.metal for more details.
METAL is a telecommunications application compiled language.
Main purpose is to run BBS software, but can be used to
write terminal programs, program launchers, and database
software. The METAL compiler can compile ACOS, MACOS,
and LLUCE code with little modification needed.
One of the primary pieces of software written in METAL is
the FutureVision BBS system.
2. Talk is Cheap!
Has a programmable script language which some have used
to write front ends to services such as Compuserve.
This is a commercial package sold by Quality Computers.
Thanks to ddkilzer@iastate.edu for the following blurb.
Quality Computers not only sells Apple II products, but
maintains a list of user groups and publishes an
informative newsletter geared towards educators (called
Enhance). To get a QC catalog and a free subscription to
Enhance, just call or write.
Quality Computers (800) 777-ENHAnce
20200 E. 9 Mile Road (313) 774-7200 (International)
Box 665 (313) 774-2698 (FAX)
St. Clair Shores, MI 48080 (313) 774-7740 (Technical Support)
Internet: jerry@pro-quality.cts.com (Jerry Kindall).
tech@pro-quality.cts.com (tech support department)
GEnie: QC@genie.geis.com (after July 1, 1993)
AOL: QualityCom@aol.com
CompuServe: XXXXX.YYYY@compuserve.com (need CompuServe number???)
I would recommend checking with these folk to see if any
of the commercial products mentioned in this guide are available.
Quality Computers, Resource Central, and The Big Red Apple
Club are probably the three primary sources of commercial software
for Apple II owners.
Big Red Computer Club
423 Norfolk Avenue
Norfolk, NE 68701-5234
(402) 379-4680
Membership is $19.95/year U.S., Canada, or Mexico. Other countries are
$35.95/year to allow for airmail postage.
Visa/Mastercard accepted.
You save the membership real quick since most wares are $5 cheaper for
members.
They have a ton of public domain stuff in addition to the "classics"
you asked about.
------------------------------
FORTH
1. GraFORTH(+) (DOS 3.3 only)
(freely distributable, available on GEnie)
2. Mad Apple Forth(+)
ftp from wuarchive.wustl.edu:/system/apple2/Lang/Forth/*
3. Purple Forth(+)
ftp from cco.caltech.edu:/pub/apple2/8bit/source
4. Q Forth(+) version 2.0 Alpha 1.0, by Toshiyasu Morita,
email address tm@netcom.com.
ftp from ftp.uu.net:/systems/apple2/languages/forth
It is a small integer Forth.
------------------------------
FORTRAN
1. Cabot FORTRAN 77
Runs on Apple I(?), IIgs, Mac, MS-DOS, CP/M and Unix boxes.
Claims the 'worldwide software licence (sic) for software
products developed by the University of California, San Diego
(UCSD).
Address:
The Vicarage
Stoke View Road
Fishponds
Bristol BS16 3AE
England UK
Telephone: 00 44 272 586644
Fax: 00 44 272 586023
BBS: 00 44 272 583023
Compuserve address: 100014,241
------------------------------
Logo
1. LCSI LOGO, LCSI Apple LOGO, LCSI Terrapin LOGO
Information needed. How does LCSI Terrapin LOGO differ
from the Terrapin LOGO below - or does it?
2. LOGO PLUS
Language: LOGO
Hardware requirements: 128K Apple II family, IIgs
Operating system requirements: ProDOS
Price: $120
(upgrades, quantity discounts,
site licenses available)
Company name: Terrapin Software, Inc.
Company address: 400 Riverside Street,
Portland, ME 04103-1068
Company phone number: 1-800-972-8200 (FAX 1-207-797-9235)
Company email address:
Electronic file access info:
Date of info: Terrapin catalog Winter/Spring 1993 issue
3. Terrapin LOGO/Apple
Language: LOGO
Hardware requirements: 64K Apple II family
Operating system requirements: DOS 3.3
Price: $100
(quantity discounts,
site licenses available)
Company name: Terrapin Software, Inc.
Company address: 400 Riverside Street,
Portland, ME 04103-1068
I also was told that this was the address:
Terrapin, Inc.
380 Green Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
(617) 492-8816
Company phone number: 1-800-972-8200 (FAX 1-207-797-9235)
Date of info: Terrapin catalog Winter/Spring 1993 issue
------------------------------
Pascal
1. Cabot Pascal
Runs on Apple I(?), IIgs, Mac, MS-DOS, CP/M and Unix boxes.
Claims the 'worldwide software licence (sic) for software
products developed by the University of California, San Diego
(UCSD).
Address:
The Vicarage
Stoke View Road
Fishponds
Bristol BS16 3AE
England UK
Telephone: 00 44 272 586644
Fax: 00 44 272 586023
BBS: 00 44 272 583023
Compuserve address: 100014,241
2. Kyan Pascal
Product name: Kyan Pascal
Language: ISO standard Pascal
Hardware requirements:
Operating system requirements:
Company name: Kyan Software Inc
Company address: 1850 Unio Street #183, San Francisco, CA 94123
Company phone number: (415) 626-2080
Company email address:
Electronic file access info:
Date of info - 1986
3. Apple Pascal
Apple Pascal version 1.1 was released in 1980.
Version 1.2 was released in 1983.
Version 1.3 was the last release back in 1985.
This language had its own unique operating system.
It came with a compiler, a very good assembler and a linker.
Various toolkits were available for this langauge.
For instance, one package was called Applegraphics
which provided a set of routines for creating
high resolution graphics from any of the UCSD environment's
langauges.
It is still being sold by Resource Central.
Resource Central
P.O. Box 11-501
Overland Park, KS USA 66207
Phone: (913) 469-6502
Fax: (913) 469-6507
Product code DA-024. US $69 (plus postage).
Includes 5 5.25" and one 3.5" floppy disks, and 6 large
manuals, so air-mail postage will be quite expensive.
The given price includes surface mail postage.
------------------------------
Shells
1. Davex(+) - Prodos 8 shell environment, which permits limited
shell programming. Executable available on most Apple
FTP archive sites.
2. ECP 8(+) - Prodos 8 shell environment, which permits limited
shell programming. Source and executable available on most
Apple FTP archive sites.
3. Proton Command Shell (PCS)(+)
Language: Shell (very limited), Proton Programming Language,
Assembler
Hardware requirements: any apple II, 80 col,
64K (128K or HD recommended)
Operating system requirements: Prodos 8
Shareware: $20
Author name: Brian D. Campbell
Author address: 16034 N. 30 Ave. Phoenix AZ 85023
Author phone number: (602) 866-1011
Author email address: gtephx!campbellb@enuucp.eas.asu.edu
Electronic file archive host access info: N/A
Notes:
PCS is a shell environment and provides many tools...
Assembler
Compiler for the Proton Programming Language
Simple shell script capability
File compare
File/directory copy
Directory catalog
Full Screen Editor
File text find
------------------------------
Word Processing packages
1. TimeOut UltraMacros (AppleWorks oriented add on macro language)
Sold by Quality Computers, requires AppleWorks (not AW GS).
2. Ultra 4, 1.1 (AppleWorks extended UltraMacros package)
Originally by JEM, rights have been transferred to
Quality Computers.
3. WPL(+) (word oriented language internal to DOS 3.3 and ProDOS
AppleWriter)
ProDOS AppleWriter 2.1 is available as a freely
distribuable download on GEnie.
------------------------------
Misc
1. CEEMAC(+)
Author: Brooke W Boering
Date: Jan 1982
Company: Vagabondo Enterprises
1300 E Algonquin -3G
Schaumburg, IL
and later in 1986 or 1987,
135 Stephen Rd
Aptos, CA 95003
Software put into the public domain 3/18/87.
A DOS 3.3 graphics language which is a part of a
graphics/sound program. It was an early Electronic Arts
program according to one correspondent (Richard McCusker).
Later correspondents correctly pointed me to Brooke Boering
and Vagabondo Enterprises.
The basic concept in CEEMAC was the programmer wrote scores of
graphics and sounds which were then performed.
The language used tables of values (sin, cos, tan) to create
cureves, and it also allowed the programmer to use shapes.
There were macros that produced dots, boxes, color, sound,
and more. It allowed you to anchor a curve at one end
and move the other end around. It also allowed you to set
the symmetry of the 'score'.
Here is a sample score:
SCORE: KT
:FIRE ORGAN KEY T
SPEED [0,0]
: - BUT 0
0
CLEAR [0,0]
XY1 = $80;$80
: MAIN LOOP
F
:FORGND SYMMETRY 0-3
VC = RND3 ORA 3
: SAVE FORGND ROTATION
VD = ROTEZ
:FORGND COLOR
COLOR = NXTCOL
I believe this is on some of the Internet archives.
There are several related disks here.
1. An application written in CeeMac by the author called
Fire Organ.
2. the CeeMac disk itself.
3. Maestro
4. A 'third party' disk of CeeMac programs called
Sparkee.
There was also a CEEMAC newsletter.
Any more info that you might have would be appreciated.
2. KeyLISP
For the Apple ][ (64K required)
Company: XPrime Corp
Author: Gerard P. Michon
Address: 10835 Santa Monica Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90025-4656
Tel: (310) 470-4663
ISBN: 0-937185-00-0 For Book and Software Package ($149)
ISBN: 0-937185-01-9 For Reference Manual Only ($39.95)
Works on all versions of the Apple from 64k Apple ][ through
Apple IIgs. The reference manual, with index, is 410 pages
and is quite complete.
Retail: $149 w/book
$110 w/o book
Sale: $50 w/o book
Book: $39 (It is the manual and as such is needed)
3. Product name: MICRO DYNAMO
Hardware requirements: Apple II+, //e ..., two drives
Operating system requirements: Pascal Operating System
Company name: Addison-Wesley
Apple II version of Dynamo simulation language. Runs under the Pascal
System.
More information needed.
4. Product name: MICRO PROLOG
Language: Prolog. (AI Language)
Hardware requirements: Apple II (+,e,c,GS)
Company name: Logic Programming Associates (defunct?)
Prolog interpreter for 3 sintaxes: Micro, Simple, Mitsi.
With interactive program editor, tracer/debugger, optimizing
(tail recursion), error handler, graphics and sound.
Still sold in 1990.
4. pidgen(+)
ftp from wuarchive.wustl.edu:/system/apple2/Lang/pidgen/*
Published in Dr. Dobbs Journal.
5. Product name: Apple SUPER PILOT
Language: PILOT (Author's Language for Computer Assisted Instruction)
Hardware requirements: Minimum: Apple II or II+, 48K, one disk drive
for Lesson mode or two disk drives for Author mode
Operating system requirements: Pascal Operating System (?)
Company name: Apple Computer
Apple SUPER PILOT is an improved version of Apple PILOT,
with changes in the Graphics Editor, the Lesson Text Editor
(lowercase), the Utility Programs, language extensions and
operating system extensions.
It is sold by Resource Central (DA-004, $69.00, July 1992)
6. tinman(+)
Published in Dr. Dobbs Journal, by the author pidgen. One
of these was a macro language. One of the two languages
was used to implement the other. I will have to dig out
the details on these.
------------------------------
GS specific languages.
------------------------------
Assembler
1. APW Assembler
Was available through APDA, then by Resource Central.
written by Mike Westerfield and based on ORCA/M.
2. Cabot Software Systems Assembler Power System,
Cabot Software Ltd., England
65816 macro set and ProDOS 16 GS/OS
3. Merlin 8/16 Plus
Sold by Roger Wagner
4. MPW IIgs assembler
Macintosh Programmer Workshop package which allows
cross-developement for the Apple IIgs.
Information needed.
5. ORCA/M GS
available through ByteWorks.
------------------------------
BASIC
1. GS-BASIC
Apple's Apple IIgs BASIC interpreter.
Was available through APDA, then Resource Central.
2. Integer BASIC compiler
Available from ByteWorks. This runs on the IIgs and
produces IIgs code. Includes source code and a small
book on compilers that explains the Integer BASIC
compiler.
3. MD BASIC, v2.x
Available thru Morgan Davis Group.
A preprocessor for Applesoft BASIC. The resulting
BASIC code can run in non-GS Applesoft environments.
This is NOT a BBS specific language.
Besides preprocessing, it does optimization and allows
better syntax, such as long variable names, while loops,
etc.
4. Micol Advanced BASIC GS (version 4.2 supposedly available now)
Version 5.0 supposedly in development.
See above for address, phone number. Note that this package
is carried by Quality Computers.
List Price: $159
------------------------------
C
1. ORCA/C
available through ByteWorks.
This is a version of ANSI C.
2. MPW IIgs C compiler
Macintosh Programmer Workshop package which allows
cross-developement for the Apple IIgs.
This is a version of K&R C.
Information needed.
------------------------------
Editors
------------------------------
Pascal
1. Complete (formerly TML) Pascal, 2.0
I have gotten an email from one user who documents a
number of problems attempting to get an update of this
product. I have yet to be able to get other information
about it. I would recommend avoiding this product
until further info is available.
2. ORCA/Pascal 2.0
Byteworks (see previous address info).
Up to version 1.4, ISO/Pascal with extensions such as
string handling.
As of Version 2.0, some object-oriented abilities were
added.
Could someone provide more info, pricing, etc.?
3. MPW IIgs Pascal
Macintosh Programmer Workshop package which allows
cross-developement for the Apple IIgs.
Information needed.
------------------------------
Misc
1. ECP 16(+) - Prodos 16 shell environment, which permits limited
shell programming. Source and executable available on most
Apple FTP archive sites.
2. FORTRAN to C conversion
Language: FORTRAN (to C)
Hardware requirements: Memory and disk space.:-)
Operating system requirements: System 6.0 and beyond.
Software requirements: Some IIgs C compiler.
Author name: Gary F. Desrochers
Author address: 17752 W. 14th Ave. Apt #3 Golden CO 80401
Author phone number: 303-279-7948
Author email address: gdesroch@slate.mines.colorado.edu
Looking into legal issues right now.
Also fixing many (many) bugs.
2. GS 16 FORTH II, Version II (+)
ftp from cco.caltech.edu:/pub/apple2/source/GS16Forth.shk
Also available on GEnie.
Author: Warren Stone, GSF (?)
Hardware requirement: Apple IIgs, 768k
Operating system requirement: GS/OS 5.0
A 16 bit FORTH implementation able to make use of the GS
Toolbox. Includes assembler, full screen editor.
3. GScheme(+)
This is Scheme for the IIgs.
Author: Jawaid Bazyar
Company name: Procyon
ftp from cco.caltech.edu:/pub/apple2/source/gscheme05b.shk
and pindarus.cs.uiuc.edu:/pub/apple2/lang/gscheme.shk
4. HyperCard GS, 1991
Apple's Apple II version of the popular Macintosh application.
Published by Apple.
Part number A0027LL/A
Cost: $69
Contains a programming language called HyperTalk. This
is a IIgs implementation which is quite source code compatible
to the Macintosh HyperCard's HyperTalk.
There are also a few programming kits for HyperCard GS.
Available through Resource Central, Quality Computers, etc.
5. HyperStudio, 1989
Roger Wager, Inc.'s popular hyper application for the
Apple IIgs. Contains a programming language.
There are also a few programming kits for HyperStudio.
6. Pecan Power Systems FORTRAN, 1987
(Pecan bought out by Cabot Software Ltd. See above.)
Ran under ProDOS 16 (GS/OS), but its UCSD file system
was implemented within a single ProDOS file.
More information needed.
7. MicroEmacs(+)
GS/OS text editor which has programmable scripting
language.
8. Cabot Software Systems Modula-2,
(Was Pecan Modula-2.)
Runs on Apple I(?), IIgs, Mac, MS-DOS, CP/M and Unix boxes.
Claims the 'worldwide software licence (sic) for software
products developed by the University of California, San Diego
(UCSD).
Address:
The Vicarage
Stoke View Road
Fishponds
Bristol BS16 3AE
England UK
Telephone: 00 44 272 586644
Fax: 00 44 272 586023
BBS: 00 44 272 583023
Compuserve address: 100014,241
9. MPW Tools
Information needed.
10. Little Smalltalk(+)
Ported in 1993 to the Apple IIgs by alb@cognos.com (Al Belyea).
11. XLISP-PLUS 2.1e(+)
Language: Lisp
Hardware requirements: Apple IIGS, at least 500kB free RAM
Operating system requirements: shell program (GNO/ME, ORCA, ...)
Author name: David Michael Betz, Tom Almy et al.
Author address:
Tom Almy
17830 SW Shasta Trail,
Tualatin, OR 97062, USA.
Author phone number: n/a
Author email address: dbetz@apple.com, toma@sail.labs.tek.com
Electronic file archive host access info:
posted to comp.binaries.apple2. Unix/MS-DOS source code
available from glia.biostr.washington.edu:/pub/xlisp.
and pindarus.cs.uiuc.edu:/pub/apple2/lang .
Porter: voss@ira.uka.de
------------------------------
Other hardware development environments
The cards I had in mind listing here would be those for which
some advantageous programming environment was provided or
anticipated. Thus, I didn't plan on listing all of the serial
I/O cards, etc. If you feel programmers would benefit from
some hardware card being listed, be sure to send me some
detailed information here. You can see that this is just
a new idea here and I need help fleshing it out.
------------------------------
65802
Available for older Apples and Apple clones which
were still stuck with the 6502. Software such as
Merlin assembler provide some amount of support for
the 802 and 816 chips.
6809
1. Stellation Two
OS/9 Level 1 was one of the operating systems available.
68000
1. Stellation Two
I don't remember if OS/9 or some other operating system
was available for this one.
8088
Ability to run MS-DOS gives programmers access to another base
of development and application software.
1. Applied Engineering 8088 Card
Information needed on availability.
Z-80
Ability to run CP/M gives programmers access to another base
of development and application software. Once one gets one of
these, then many CP/M programs are possible. One problem is
getting the software in a format which is READABLE by the
CP/M card though! Some companies carried the 5.25" Apple
sector format though.
1. MicroSoft Softcard CP/M Card
Information needed on availability.
Note that FORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC were available from
Microsoft in Apple 5.25" disk formats.
2. Applied Engineering Z-80 Card
Information needed on availability.
Note that Applied Engineering's CP/M package, called I
believe CP/AM, supposedly ran on any MicroSoft SoftCare
work-alike (like AE's Z80+ or Z80c, and the Z-RAM Ultra 3).
3. Clone cards
Information needed on availability.
Misc
1. Faster Floating Point Cards
There were several - someone want to send me details?
No unique programming environments but can make SANE
processing bearable in some cases.
A. Innovative Systems
Will Troxell, contact.
FPE (Floating Point Engine)
PO Box 444
Severn Park, MD 21144-0444
(301) 987-8688
Apple II 68881 math co-processor, speeds up Appleworks,
Applesoft and many IIgs applications.
Package is available from Resource Central.
B. Applied Engineering
FastMath card
Information needed.
2. CPU acceleration
These are primarily faster 65816 or other similar
chips. A programmer's programming environment is
not extended, but made bearable.
Applied Engineering series of cards
Zip series of cards
Others?
3. Graphics display cards
Would provide programmer with unique visual capabilities.
Has there been even one actually shipped?
4. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) cards
Has there been even one actually shipped?
AIIdsp - being developed by Ken Poppleton. Operates on a
Apple IIs with expansion slots, using the DSP 56001.
No meaningful programs using it yet.
GS/DSP - was being developed by Pete Snowberg. He was using
a 34010.
5. Virtual Memory Management card
This one was advertised in CALL-A.P.P.L.E for several
months, but I don't know if it ever shipped. I don't
have the details handy at this time. Can someone help
me out here?
I know that it provided an enhanced BASIC which had
extended arrays, etc.
6. Sound cards
Would provide programmer with unique audio capabilities.
Some programming packages may take advantage of having one
of these boards available.
Mockingboard, Phasor, MDIdeas Stereo digitization and
synthesis, Sonic Blaser, Audio Animator
MIDI
Sound synthesis
Voice synthesis
7. BSR X-10 controller card
Would provide programmer control over household management
of devices.
8. Media control devices
CD-ROM
VCR
Other
------------------------------
Historical 8 bit based programming languages
------------------------------
Assembly
1. Product name: ALD System ][
Language: 6502 Assembly
Hardware requirements: `intended for use in Apple ][ computers having
48K of Random Access Memory and an optional Apple ][ Language Card'
Operating system requirements: DOS 3.3
Company name: Insoft
Company address: 259 Barnett Rd. / Unit 3 Medford, OR 97501
Company phone number: (503) 779-2465
Author name: Copyright 1980, P. Lutus
best quote:
This is the System ][ manual. It won't teach you how to write
Assembly Language programs (because it is finite in length).
2. ASM/65
Programma International
3. Big Mac, Big Mac LC
Predecessor to Merlin. Used to be available through
CALL-A.P.P.L.E.
4. EAT (Edit and Assemble Text)
Software Concepts - written in Integer BASIC
5. EDASM
An assembler from Apple that came with the Applesoft
Programmer's Assistant. It produces relocatable object
code rather than B files. Came with its own line based
editor.
Also was available on the Apple Toolkit disk.
A debugger known as BugByter was also sold as a part of
various packages.
6. Microproducts Assembler
$39.95 back when it was being sold in the late 1970s.
7. Randy's Weekend Assembler, 1978
by Randy Wigginton. Written mostly in SWEET-16 16 bit
emulator (package written by S. Wozniak and a part of
the Integer BASIC ROM).
8. SC Assembler II
8 bit assembler whose support has ceased due to the closing
on the company. (In addition, he published a monthly newsletter,
Apple Assembly Line, whch was published from 10/80 through
5/88.)
Last known address:
Author: Bob Sander-Cedarlof
Address: P.O. Box 280300
Dallas, Texas 75228
Bob went to work for AE as a software engineer and
might still be available at the address/telephone
number given above. It would be worthwhile for anyone
interested in 6502 assembley language to buy the back
issues to Apple Assembly Line.
In addition to an assembler for the 6502 he offered
cross assemblers for:
Motorola 6800, 1, 2, 8/6301, 6805 6809, 68HC11, 68000
Mitsubishi 50740 series
Intel 8048 & 8051 families, 8080/8085
Zilog Z-80, Z8
RCA 1802EC LSI-11
General Inst GI-1650, GI-1670
Sharp LH5801
Most cross assemblers were available in both DOS 3.3
and ProDOS format.
9. TED/ASM, 1978
by Gary Shannon (and editor by Randy Wigginton)
10. UCSD Pascal Assembler
Part of the Apple Pascal package. Was one of the
early assemblers with macros, conditional assemblies
and able to generate relocatable code.
------------------------------
BASIC
1. Applesoft toolkits
Apple's Applesoft Programmer's Assistant.
Product from Apple. Came with an assembler
called EDASM. Came with a series of ampersand
commands, but a high resolution character
generator that let you design your own
fonts and display them on the high resolution
graphics screen using traditional PRINT
statements.
Apple Programmer's Toolkit, which occupied the ROM
space left unused by Integer BASIC.
Originally distributed as firmware as well
well as Apple DOS 3.3 boot disks.
Product name: SuperGraphics
3-D Display System & Game Tool (by Bill Budge)
Language: called via PRINT "%..." from Applesoft
or Integer BASIC
Hardware requirements: `Required are an Apple II
with 48K of RAM and a minimum of 1 disk drive.'
Operating system requirements: DOS 3.3
Author name: P. Lutus
Author address: Kerby, Oregon
Author phone number: 1980
There was an Atari 800 version.
2. Applesoft compilers
Product name: Microsoft TASC: The AppleSoft Compiler version 3.0
Language: Basic compiler
Hardware requirements: Apple II+, //e, //c
Operating system requirements:
Company name: Microsoft, Inc.
It can makes use of auxiliar memory on 128K Apples
Was available in 1985.
3. Blankenship BASIC
Information needed.
4. Integer BASIC
This BASIC was in the ROMs of the Apple II'
first sold by Apple. When the Apple II+'s with
Applesoft in the on-board ROMs started selling,
Apple also sold a Firmware card which had Integer
BASIC in ROM on them.
Steve Jensen sent email claiming that Integer BASIC can
be found in a file found on any Apple DOS 3.3 system disk.
Steve says that it autoloads when you boot the DOS 3.3 disk.
Certainly it can be autoloaded by executing an Integer BASIC
program from that disk.
There were many articles and books on Integer BASIC
published back in the 'olden days'. One of the best
sources of information was the Call-A.P.P.L.E.
magazine, which published a lot of information on the
language.
A.P.P.L.E. sold a relocatable RAM version of Integer BASIC
as Interger BASIC+.
------------------------------
FORTH
1. 6502 Forth 1.2
Programma International.
2. Apple Forth 1.6
Cap'n Software
Used a unique disk format.
Information needed.
3. FORTH II
Softape published this one. Ran on Apple II+, //e, etc.
4. MicroMotion FORTH-79
Language: FORTH (79-standard, with extensions)
Hardware requirements: Apple II, 48k, 1 5.25" drive
Operating System requirements: n/a (it has its own custom OS)
Company name: MicroMotion
Company address: 12077 Wilshire Boulevard, #506
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Company phone number: (213) 821-4340
Doesn't seem to be GS-compatible, one at least one GS, it
boots part-way, then freezes just before it prints the
startup banner. Works fine on an Apple IIe though.
There appears to have been a second disk available at an
extra cost containing floating-point arithmetic and
hi-res graphics commands.
5. MicroMotion MasterFORTH
Product name: MicroMotion MasterFORTH
Language: FORTH (FORTH-83, with extensions)
Hardware requirements: Apple II, 48K, 1 5.25" drive
Operating system requirements: DOS 3.3
Company name: MicroMotion
Company address: 12077 Wilshire Boulevard, #506
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Company phone number: (213) 821-4340
MasterFORTH also had additional disks containing
floating-point and hi-res commands, which appear to
have been sold separately.
Both of these are fairly old packages...FORTH-79 is
copyright 1980, and MasterFORTH is copyright 1984.
------------------------------
FORTRAN
1. Apple FORTRAN, 1980.
This compiler package ran under the UCSD environment
and required the user to have purchased the run time
package as available from the Apple Pascal package.
It disappeared from Apple catalogs in 1986.
Information needed.
------------------------------
Logo
1. Apple Logo
Ran under the UCSD operating system.
Information needed.
2. Apple Logo II, 1984
Ran under ProDOS on 128k machines.
Information needed.
3. KRELL's LOGO for the Apple ][
Proprietary but DOS 3.3 based OS.
Required 48k
As of 1983, the address was:
Krell Corporation
1320 Stony Brook Road
Stony Brook NY 11790
Tel: 516-751-5139
Produced as a part of a NSF grant by Stephen Hain,
Leigh Klotz, and Patrick Sobalvarro. Supervised by
Prof. Harold Abelson. Krell wrote some tutorials and packaged
up their work. This version of Logo was also licensed
by Terrapin and others. Contact the MIT Technology Licensing
Office ((617) 253-1000) for details on licensing MIT Logo.
Info provided by "John Hale" ,
Patrick Sobalvarro, Stephen Hain, Hal Abelson, etc.
------------------------------
Pascal
1. Apple Instant Pascal (via Resource Central)
Written by Think Technologies, sold by Apple. Ran only
on the Apple IIc or 128k IIe machines. This was an
interactive Pascal, designed for teaching the language.
This Pascal ran under ProDOS.
2. Tiny Pascal interpreter
published by MUSE? back in the 1970s.
Information needed.
3. Pecan Power System's Pascal
(Pecan bought out by Cabot Software Ltd.? See above)
Information needed.
------------------------------
PILOT
1. Product name: Apple PILOT
Language: PILOT (Author's Language for Computer Assisted Instruction)
Hardware requirements: Minimum: Apple II or II+, 48K, one disk drive
for Lesson mode or two disk drives for Author mode
Operating system requirements: DOS 3.3?
Company name: Apple Computer
System to support program development for Computer Assisted
Instruction (CAI), based on COMMON PILOT, with color
graphics, sound efects and a character set editor. It
operates in two modes: Author, where the instructor creates
lessons and stores them on a lessons disk, and Lesson, where
the student uses the disk to take a lesson interacting with
the computer.
Product was replaced by the improved Apple SUPER PILOT.
------------------------------
Misc
1. muSIMP
Product name: muMATH-80
Language: muSIMP
Hardware requirements: Apple II with 48K
Standard disk drive in slot 6.
16 sector disk controller board.
Game paddles if graphics are to be used.
Operating system requirements: ADIOS - a customized version of DOS.
Company name: The Soft Warehouse
Company address: P.O. Box 11174
Honolulu, HI 96828
Description:
Arbitrary precision math package, includes Lisp like language.
Variable number base arithmetic (base 2 through base 36)
Algebraic processing:
Automatic simplification of expressions
Expansion of expressions
Factoring of expression
Step-by-step equation solving
Logarithmic and trigonommetric processing
Matrix and array processing
Calculus operations:
Differentiation
Integration
Taylor series expansion
LORES Graphics output
User defined functions
Microsoft also sold a version of this with their name on the
documentation.
2. Product name: P-LISP Version 3.0
Language: Lisp
Hardware requirements: Apple ][/][+
Operating system requirements: DOS 3.3
Company name: Pegasys Systems, Inc.
Company address: 4005 Chestnut Street
Philadelphi, PA 19104
Company phone number: (215) 387-1500
(800) 523-0725
Description:
P-LISP is a nicely featured dynamically scoped Lisp.
Features:
car, cdr
atom, equal, number, null, quote
cons, list, explode, implode, copy, conc
append, rplaca, rplacd, apply, mapcar
add, sub, mult, div, greater, zero, length, int
and, or, not
setq, set, put, get, rem
read, fread, prin1, print, chr, getchr, save, load
call, peek, poke
htab, vtab, onerr
define, lambda, flambda, cond, prog, progn, return
go, eval
oblist, remob
trace, untrace
gr, text, color, plot
hgr2, hcolor, hplot, hto, draw, xdraw
openseq, appendseq, writeseq, readseq
closefile, close, openrnd, writernd, readrnd
writefcn, readfcn
Includes structure editor.
I also had a note about this one and a 'company' called Gnosis.
Anyone have any more info about this? Pegasys is supposedly out
of business - I don't know who owns this software now.
3. PROMAL
Product name: PROgrammers Micro Application Language
Language: Written in a mix of assembler and PROMAL
Hardware requirements: Apple IIe, Extended 80 col card or a IIc.
Versions available for Commodore 64 and IBM PC.
Operating system requirements: ProDOS 8.
Company name: Systems Management Associates
Company address: 3700 Computer Drive
P.O. Box 20025
Raleigh, NC 27619
Company phone number: (919) 787-7703
Company email address: N/A
Electronic file access info: N/A
As far as I can determine, the Apple II version
is no longer an active product. Also note that the IIgs was
never completely supported. This was a C-like language which
was interpreted, came with a shell, and was source compatible
for the most part between various architectures.
------------------------------
Historical GS based programming languages
------------------------------
C
1. APW C
Previously available through APDA, then through
Resource Central. Now discontinued.
This was a version of K&R C.
------------------------------
Unconfirmed or future languages. Please provide more info.
------------------------------
AMACS - formerly commercal, shareware and now supposedly freeware
implementation of EMACS. More information, location, etc. needed.
Written by a Brian Fox (or is it
bfox@prep.ai.mit.edu?)
ANIX - a shell that appeared with the Lisa assembler. I don't have any
details on whether there was a shell language. At one time, the
authors were available on GEnie as HAL.LABS. See the entry on
Lisa for U.S. Postal Service address.
APEX - an operating system for the Apple IIs with installable device
drivers. Included an assembler, editor, and XPL, a high level
programming language. Was developed on the 6502 prior to the Apple II
and was ported to it when the Apple first appeared. Developed
at the Colarado School of Mines by Peter Boyles. At least available
at versions 1.8.
BASIC Beagle Basic - this was different from the Beagle Bros. Compiler.
This package put Applesoft into RAM so that you could customize
it. You could rewrite error messages, rename Applesoft commands,
etc. Support was present for new Applesoft commands such
as ELSE, HSCRN , SWAP, TONE, and enhanced features to things like
GOTO and GOSUB. Is it still available in some form?
Pecan Power System BASIC. Pecan appears to have been bought out
by Cabot Software Ltd. More info is needed as to whether this
product is still available.
TML BASIC -- commercially sold IIgs version of BASIC.
Product name: Z BASIC
Language: BASIC
Hardware requirements: Apple ][,][+,//e,//c/IIGS
64K for ProDOS
128K for DOS 3.3
Operating system requirements: DOS 3.3, ProDOS 8
Company name: ZEDCOR, Inc.
Company address: 4500 East Speedway Boulevard
Suite 22
Tucson, Arizona 85712-5305
Company phone number: (602) 795-3996
(602) 881-8101
(800) 482-4567 (Orders only)
Description: Portable BASIC.
Scalar Data types:
integer +/- 32,767
long integer E +/- 63
single precision E +/- 63
long integer +/- 2,147,483,647
extended double precision E +/- 16,383
string 0 to 255 characters
User defined functions and subroutines.
Same program can be recompiled with no changes and run under
Macintosh, MS-DOS, CPM/80, TRS-80, Kaypro, Apple ][, ][+, //e,
//c, IIGS. This requires buying the compiler for the specified
machine.
Can someone provide me with info as to whether ZEDCOR is still
doing business, as well as info on pricing, versions, etc.?
Otherwise:
Author name:
Author address:
Author phone number:
Author email address:
Electronic file archive host access (ftp, email, commercial, etc.) info:
Byteworks languages and tools
ORCA/Debugger - I need more info on this item.
Text based source level debugger. Works with any language
that supports the ORCA-style intrusive COP debugging
method.
ORCA/Disassembler - I need more info on this item.
Assembler which works on plain binary or OMF files. Can
disassemble ROMs.
ORCA/BASIC - Some discussion of this occured on AOL several
years ago, but I do not know if work ever began.
ORCA/f2c - Some discussion of a Fortran 77 to C conversion tool
becoming available has occurred.
ORCA/Logo - In development for Byteworks in conjuction with
Roger Wagner's effort to use Logo in HyperStudio for Macs.
ORCA/Modula-2 - In development for ByteWorks.
Communications related packages
ACOS - ProDOS 8 BBS Language
LLUCE - ProDOS 8 BBS Language
MACOS - a hacked version of ACOS.
Design Master - I need some info on this item.
A prototyping tool. This tool allows you to create Apple IIgs
GS/OS 5.x/6.x resources interactively. It does not allow one
to modify existing resources.
FORTH - C. K. Haun supposedly has written a shareware version of FORTH
for the Apple IIgs. Someone reports that this is available on
GEnie.
Illsys Systems is said to be selling a commercial version of FORTH
for the IIe and IIgs systems. Ads were seen in Nibble.
An implementation of Fig-Forth was available at one time - can
anyone provide me with details? I believe this was freeware.
FORTH 79 - Information needed on an Apple II package by this name.
I know there were several other packages which implemented FORTH
79 - but I understand there was a package specifically called
FORTH 79.
MVP-FORTH - can someone provide me more info on this?
TransFORTH - wasn't this one sold by ALS?
Foundation - I need some more info on this resource editor.
Allows one to edit a few native resources.
GNO - lots of languages being ported here, such as bison, flex, csh, ksh,
gsscheme, xlisp, and perhaps even a c and c++ compiler. No
formal list has been submitted to me yet. I did find bison on
pindarus.cs.uiuc.edu.
KSH - A Graphical Korn shell which will run on the GS is being developed.
More details once the product is available.
LISP - there was at least one micro LISP available written in Integer
BASIC back in the old days, as well as at least one commercial product.
There was also some product called AppLisp which had the Winston and
Horn LISP textbook included.
MSHELL - some sort of shell. I don't know how programmable it was, who
wrote it, whether it is/was available commercially, etc.
MULISP/MUSTAR - MuLisp was a Z-80 based P-Code lisp compiler. MuStar was
an Artificial Intelligence Development System, including editor
and debugger. Written by Microsoft.
Nevada software - there were several packages by Ellis Computing, Inc. which
required the Z-80 card to use. These were called Nevada PILOT,
Nevada Assembler and Nevada FORTRAN. Basically, they were standard
CP/M products, but in a 5.25" Apple disk format.
NPL - NonProcedural Language. 1980. A relational database language. "An
Introduction to Nonprocedural Languages Using NPL", T.D. Truitt et al,
McGraw-Hill 1983. Versions for Apple II, MS-DOS.
OS/A+ - Micom OS/A+ system, came with a very nice BASIC (very similar to
Atari BASIC in the graphics area). The OS had Applesoft compatibility.
Pascal - There is a rumor of a ProDOS based Apple Pascal - anyone
know any details?
PILE - Polytechnic's Instructional Language for Educators. Similar in use to
an enhanced PILOT, but structurally more like Pascal with
Awk-like associative arrays (optionally stored on disk).
Distributed to about 50 sites by Initial Teaching Alphabet
Foundation for Apple II and CP/M. "A Universal Computer Aided
Instruction System," Henry G. Dietz & Ronald J Juels, Proc Natl
Educ Computing Conf '83, pp.279-282.
PILOT - a text based version written in Applesoft is mentioned in the
Apple History files.
SC Macro Assembler IV - a DOS 3.3 macro assembler.
SuperGraphics - SuperGraphics 3D Display System and Game Tool
Some sort of PRINT "%" interface. More information needed.
Tutor-Tech - a commercial hypertext development system which runs on 8 bit
Apple IIs.
------------------------------
Acknowlegements
------------------------------
Thanks to the following folk for maintaining copies of the catalog on
their respective services, fielding and routing questions, etc.
Mark Fisher <70751.3127@compuserve.com> - Compuserve.
Austin Phelps - Delphi
Thanks to David Muir Sharnoff for providing ftp
access for this catalog at:
idiom.berkeley.ca.us:/pub/compilers-list/AppleIICatalogV.L
where V is the major version level and L is the minor version level.
Also, be sure to check out these Usenet groups for programming discussions:
alt.bbs.metal The METAL telecomm environment.
alt.emulators.ibmpc.apple2 AppleII emulators on IBM PCs, Amigas, Unix, etc.
comp.binaries.apple2 Binary-only postings for the Apple II computer.
comp.protocols.appletalk Applebus hardware & software.
comp.sources.apple2 Source code and discussion for the Apple2. (Moderated)
comp.sys.apple2 Discussion about Apple II micros.
comp.sys.apple2.comm Apple II data communications.
comp.sys.apple2.gno The AppleIIgs GNO multitasking environment.
comp.sys.apple2.programmer Programming on the Apple II.
Some specialized groups are:
bit.listserv.apple2-l Apple II Binary and Source BITNET Mailing List.
pro.apple.user.groups ??.
pro.apple2.gs Apple IIgs discussions.
pro.apple2.misc ??.
pro.apple2.news ??.
pro.apple2.tech Apple II technical discussion.
sub.sys.apple Apple II/Macintosh.
uiuc.sys.apple2 Apple II discussions.
I would be happy to add other mailing list, Proline conference information, or
Fidonet conference type information if it would be submitted to me.
This article is Copyright 1993 by Larry W. Virden. Permission is granted
for free distribution of this article as long as all information within
it remains intact. No commercial use of the article is permitted without
specific permission of the author.
--
:s
:s Larry W. Virden INET: lvirden@cas.org
:s Personal: 674 Falls Place, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068-1614